曼昆的《经济学原理》作为经济学入门的经典教材,其核心内容之一就是通过模型来解释和预测经济现象。以下是曼昆经济学中常用的九大模型及其图解,帮助读者快速入门。
1. 循环流量图
图解:
循环流量图展示了货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动。
家庭支出 --(市场)--> 企业收入 --(市场)--> 家庭收入
解释:
这个模型说明了货币在经济体系中的循环过程,家庭通过消费支持企业,企业通过支付工资支持家庭。
2. 生产可能性边界(PPF)
图解:
生产可能性边界是一个表示在既定资源和技术水平下,一个经济体能够生产的不同商品组合的图。
”`
|
|
|
|----*----> 商品X
|
|
v
|
|
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|
|
v
|